甜瓜果汁澄清工艺研究

澄清是甜瓜果汁的加工过程中关键的一个环节。通过单因素及相应面分析确定,甜瓜果汁澄清的最佳工艺条件为壳聚糖添加量为6.2%,澄清温度为30℃,澄清时间为36 h,透光率可达76.44%。     

利用荧光观测明确载球孢白僵菌松毛虫赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟的防控增效作用

载球孢白僵菌松毛虫赤眼蜂能够显著提高对亚洲玉米螟的防控效果，为了明确其对亚洲玉米螟卵期及幼虫期可持续防控的作用机理，采用松毛虫赤眼蜂吸附绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）标记的球孢白僵菌分生孢子，进行赤眼蜂载菌情况，以及亚洲玉米螟卵和幼虫的寄生、侵染过程观察。结果表明，赤眼蜂羽化后能够吸附柞蚕卵表面粘附的白僵菌分生孢子，并将其携带至亚洲玉米螟卵块表面，并吸附于未被赤眼蜂寄生的亚洲玉米螟卵孵化的幼虫体表，实现侵染并致死，幼虫带菌率达60.00%，网室内杀虫生物测定僵虫率达27.00%。本研究表明，载菌赤眼蜂在提高杀虫效率的同时实现害虫可持续防控，该方法为其他载菌天敌的应用提供了依据。     

原产地和入侵地紫茎泽兰对泽兰实蝇寄生的耐受性及其生理响应

[目的]研究入侵植物紫茎泽兰对专食性天敌泽兰实蝇寄生的耐受性并探讨其入侵前后的生理响应,为紫茎泽兰的生物防治提供理论依据.[方法]泽兰实蝇寄生后,于初现羽化窗时测量紫茎泽兰原产地(墨西哥)和入侵地(中国)种群叶片脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理指标;全部羽化后测定并计算紫茎泽兰的株高、总生物量、根冠比和比茎长等生长指标,比较分析泽兰实蝇寄生后不同种群紫茎泽兰的抗性和耐受性.[结果]在泽兰实蝇寄生条件下,入侵地紫茎泽兰的总生物量、茎生物量比和根冠比较原产地种群分别显著升高37.80%、15.38%和21.77%(P<0.05,下同);入侵地紫茎泽兰PAL、POD和SOD活性分别较原产地显著降低46.91%、46.60%和37.52%,而PPO活性与原产地紫茎泽兰无显著差异(P>0.05);同时,入侵地紫茎泽兰的Pro和MDA含量分别较原产地显著增加66.30%和145.08%.[结论]入侵后紫茎泽兰的资源分配策略发生改变,入侵地紫茎泽兰种群对泽兰实蝇寄生的耐受性增强,对泽兰实蝇的防御响应有所降低,防御策略发生改变.     

Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

孕穗期低温灌溉对水稻剑叶和颖花生理特征的影响

为探究孕穗期持续低温对水稻的伤害机理,利用Y两优957、天优华占、Y两优1号和中早39这4个生产上大面积推广的水稻品种,分别在其幼穗分化Ⅴ期进行17.5℃、10 d的低温冷水灌溉处理。处理结束当天利用SPAD502测定剑叶SPAD值、利用酶联免疫吸附试验测定剑叶与颖花的抗氧化系统和渗透调节系统等生理生化指标、液相色谱串联质谱法测定ABA含量。结果表明,孕穗期低温胁迫降低了水稻的结实率与花粉育性,但不同品种的降幅有差异,分析认为结实率下降的重要原因之一是花粉育性下降。孕穗期低温胁迫后剑叶SPAD值降低,且不同品种表现有差异。根据结实率的结果,Y两优957和天优华占可作为低温耐受品种,Y两优1号和中早39可作为低温敏感品种。低温处理后,低温耐受品种剑叶SOD、POD、CAT活性升高,颖花SOD活性降低;低温敏感品种剑叶SOD、POD活性降低,颖花SOD活性升高,与低温耐受品种相反。低温耐受品种低温处理后渗透调节物质在剑叶中大多高于对照,颖花中则均低于对照;低温敏感品种则呈现较为相反的趋势。低温处理后无论材料是否耐受低温,其颖花中ABA含量均显著高于对照组。颖花与剑叶在抗氧化系统的SOD活性、渗透调节系统的PRO和STS含量等多个生理指标上大多呈现较为相反的变化趋势,推测水稻的源库受低温胁迫后可能存在一个动态平衡调节机制,为研究孕穗期低温胁迫对水稻生理特征影响提供了新的思路。     

政府购买农业农村公益性服务的实践与思考——以永定区坎市镇为例

介绍了坎市镇基本概况及近年来政府购买农业农村公益性服务项目实施情况，分析了客观 审视下的诸多问题，提出了乡村振兴下推进政府购买农业农村公益性服务的若干对策思考。     

外源铬对延胡索生理指标及抗氧化系统变化的影响

为探究不同浓度外源Cr6+处理下，延胡索（Corydalis yanhusuo）生理指标及抗氧化系统的变化情况，测定了延胡索植株内铬含量、株高、生物量以及抗氧化系统各项指标。结果表明：当土壤中Cr6+浓度在67.32~323.32 mg·kg-1范围内，随着土壤中Cr6+浓度的升高，延胡索体内Cr6+累积量增加。延胡索植株株高、生物量表现为先升后降趋势，当土壤中Cr6+浓度低于131.32 mg·kg-1时，延胡索生长受到促进，而且这种作用具有一定的浓度依赖性：当土壤中Cr6+浓度低于131.32 mg·kg-1时，超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）有较高活性,将超氧阴离子自由基歧化分解为H2O2，此时过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）活性均呈上升趋势，将H2O2分解，延胡索植株的生长受到促进作用；当土壤中Cr6+浓度达到195.32 mg·kg-1后，延胡索受到的胁迫严重，SOD活性有较大幅度的下降，植株体内超氧阴离子自由基大量累积，延胡索植株生长受到抑制。     

不同发酵条件对荔枝产香菌发酵茶品质的影响

经过长时间的工艺优化,国内不同地区的黑茶风味已趋于稳定,为了进一步改善发酵茶品质,生产更具特色的发酵茶,利用课题组前期已筛选出的一株适用于茶叶发酵的优良产香菌ZYF3单菌发酵青砖茶原料(一芽四五叶)。在实验室条件下,以灭菌后青砖茶为发酵原料,探究该菌株在不同接菌量、不同茶坯含水量、不同发酵温度和不同发酵时间下对发酵茶感官品质和理化品质的影响。结果表明:在不同发酵条件下,产香菌ZFY3发酵茶品质差异显著,当接种量为1.2%～1.3%(mL/g)、茶坯含水率为45%、发酵温度为32℃、发酵时间为20 d时,发酵茶综合品质最佳。不同发酵条件能明显改善荔枝产香菌发酵茶品质,并且促进发酵茶特殊风味的形成。     

我国居民肉类消费特征及趋势判断——基于双对数线性支出模型和LA/AIDS模型

为分析我国城乡居民肉类消费水平及其结构特征,判断居民肉类消费的未来趋势,基于FAO和统计年鉴等相关统计数据,运用双对数线性支出模型和LA/AIDS模型(Linear approximated/Almost ideal deal demand system模型),测算我国及城乡居民肉类消费需求的价格弹性和收入弹性。结果显示我国居民肉类消费量不断增加,且城乡居民肉类消费差距逐步缩小。居民对牛羊肉需求的收入弹性最大,禽肉次之,猪肉最小。其中,农村居民对各项肉类消费需求的收入弹性均显著高于城镇。我国居民的牛羊肉需求对自身价格及其他肉类价格变动较敏感,猪肉需求对自身价格与其他肉类价格变动敏感度较低。由此推断,未来我国居民对牛羊肉消费将呈波动增长态势,而对猪肉的消费呈缓慢增长,但消费量趋于稳定。